Photovoltaic energy output decline in the cost of raising-cum – Digital Camcorder Battery

Condenser + Tracking: an effective way to improve the power output of one. Development of multiple concentrated solar silicon cell power generation devices, such as four times the solar power generation device, it uses the light reflection in a hopper can be maintained under the conditions at the solar surface, there is uniform distribution of light intensity, studies have shown that the optical cell output is 3.3 times, when coupled with tracking devices can be increased by 30%, Zuoxiu said, making a solar battery produced 4.3 times more power. 150-watt power prototype, at least 12 years of life, and in large-scale industrialization of, its cost of power generation is about the current flat-plate photovoltaic cells for 50 ~ 60%, therefore, does not rule out an even bigger price cuts in space, and can compete with thermal power costs.

At present, foreign flat-plate photovoltaic cells made once the cost of Digital Camera Battery electricity is about 0.25 U.S. dollars, equivalent to RMB 2 Yuan / kWh. After using 4 times the condenser can be reduced to 1 RMB / kWh. However, this four-fold condenser device, monocrystalline silicon, or polysilicon materials, the cost of total costs accounted for almost 50% ~ 60%. Thus, if more to further reduce the cost of photovoltaic power generation, it must significantly reduce the cost of monocrystalline silicon, or polysilicon materials. Zuoxiu said: “Recently, there has been a sustained track the sun, focusing sunlight will be 10,000-fold to a position of the heliostats, so that size is about 1 Bing Pangqiu within the scope of the space temperature rises to 3500 ℃, And it is about several hundred thousand Chinese Yuan Renminbi. which is likely to take advantage of cheap energy to replace the high-temperature low thermal efficiency of electricity used to produce precision of 6 9 of polysilicon, and further there is likely to decrease the production costs of photovoltaic cells 60% to 80 %. “Today, it has developed a new type of solar furnace can melt steel plate 15mm thick, can be dissolved tungsten plate.

This excellent low-cost high-temperature heat source, experiments show that it can in 15 minutes, the crude processed into silicon up to six 9 precision polysilicon. If this can be heated using a new method of refined metallurgical silicon to be ultimately successful, then the above-mentioned four times more Canon Battery likely to condensing power generation costs of power generation have dropped by half, that of electricity is 0.5 yuan.

Silicon Thin Film: To reduce the cost of photovoltaic power generation one of the measures. There are different varieties of silicon thin film, such as the amorphous thin film, polycrystalline ceramics, nano-crystalline silicon thin film, with its conversion efficiency of 6% to 12% range around the interest Zuoxiu introduced to me some people use silicon alkane production of glass, silicon thin film photovoltaic cells for research results. Technically speaking, has been produced out of an area of 1.245m × 0.635m, 2m × 1m, 4m × 2m of battery plates, and high-volume production, and its photoelectric conversion rate of 9% in the near future is expected to increase to 12.5%, due to of silicon thin-film batteries and high stability, therefore, life expectancy will be higher than the average life expectancy of crystalline silicon solar cells is about 8 ~ 10 years. The researchers also, according to the resources of Inner Mongolia Erdos conditions on the glass-silicon thin-film photovoltaic generating costs have been estimated. “The local average annual sunshine is 3026 hours, with an average time of 8.3 hours per day sunshine, sunshine intensity 0.7kw / m 2, equivalent to the largest solar luminosity 1kw / m 2, 70%, that is a factor of 0.7, crystalline silicon cells lifetime of 15 years, while the generation of amorphous silicon thin film photovoltaic battery life of up to 25 years. As the incident angle of the sun gradually become steeper and steeper, a day loss in 20% of the energy of the reception, calculated that a 15 year 1kw crystalline silicon photovoltaic The total generating capacity of the battery of 254 million degrees, while the generation of amorphous silicon thin film photovoltaic cells with the temperature increase the efficiency of the loss of smaller, significantly higher than the performance of its Canon BP-208 power generation and stability of crystalline silicon material, and in the luminosity is weak (eg, sooner or later days were not very bright Even cloudy days) and still get a good run, as for crystalline silicon in low light (low light) conditions far inferior to the next generation light performance is good, therefore, 1kw amorphous silicon thin film photovoltaic cells (the life of 25 years ) total generating capacity of 5.2955 million degrees. the cost of electricity (based on life expectancy is 15 years) to 0.705 yuan / kWh, if equipped with specially designed low-cost four times the condenser, it can reduce by 50% of the cost, that is 0.35 yuan / kWh electricity. ”

Zuoxiu said silicon thin film photovoltaic cells can be made not only at National Cheng Kung area of flat-plate solar cells can also be made with the reflector trough concentrator system, namely the use of cylindrical flat-plate reflector sunlight projected onto a flat battery. In order to avoid making very large-scale east-west tracking system can be used to “specialty” focus slot, only the north-south direction of the sun “to” do a simple fine-tuning. It belongs to a convenient low-cost several times more than focusing system.

After decades of study of solar cells, in theory, practice and applied research are given excellent results. From large-scale application of solar terms, the development of high efficiency, low-cost solar cells, is still an important goal.

Recently, HE Academy is also concerned that multi-junction cascade solar cell research.

Solar photovoltaic power generation, until now, there are the following types: solar Canon BP-511 silicon cell power generation, silicon thin film photovoltaic power generation, amorphous silicon photovoltaic cells, crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells, thin-film amorphous silicon / crystalline silicon heterojunction cells (HIT cells ), thin-film Si / Si heterojunction cells, combination of thin-film crystalline silicon solar cells, monocrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon hybrid solar cells, concentrator solar cells, multi-junction solar cells and so on.

1980, Japan has also developed a thin-film amorphous silicon / crystalline silicon heterojunction cells, which combines the low-temperature films (<250 ℃) single-crystal cells highly efficient and stable characteristics, seven years later, the HIT cells have achieved industrialization , its photoelectric conversion rate has been maintained 21.6% of the world record. These batteries have to further reduce costs and improve efficiency potential of the future to achieve efficient and effective techniques for photovoltaic cells life one of the routes.

At present, the international community has also vigorously develop the third-generation GaAs solar cells, primarily through multi-junction stacked cell (such as four knots, five knot batteries), quantum well (dot) batteries and so on. However, multi-junction stacked batteries are still the mainstream trend is to study the manufacture of five junction solar cells in order to obtain a higher photoelectric conversion efficiency. German research in this area that it can be used to broaden the wavelength range of the sunlight, more efficient use of sunlight, its high-voltage characteristics of series-parallel component can reduce the number of area ratio to improve power. At the same time, for the condenser battery, high voltage, low current feature easier access to high efficiency. Compared with the three-junction cells, there is more radiation-resistant properties make up the current attenuation of a larger three-junction cells irradiated defects, which is a 5 junction Canon LP-E5 solar cell stack one of the options for future space power.

In our country, “the production of low-fold condenser cell” research, the use of groove buried gate approach has been successful, the development of the planar junction concentrator silicon solar cells, similar to conventional batteries, the application of the light intensity of 10 the sun, due to used for a special occasion, therefore, use silicon size of 25cm × 98cm, the main gate length 97.5mm, width 2mm, grid line spacing is 0.06mm, thin gate length 22.6mm, pitch 0.5mm.

Are affected by today’s increasing emphasis on the amorphous silicon PV industry / monomer Si (a-Si/c-Si) heterojunction solar cells due to combined and integrated the former low-temperature, low-cost preparation process and the latter a stable process and efficient excellent features, with the German Development, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences of silicon heterojunction solar cell simulation program to simulate the calculation of whether the intrinsic buffer layer and the different thin-film silicon / crystalline silicon interface defect state density heterojunction cell under photovoltaic properties. Nankai University, received extensive attention on the function of materials – tin oxide (SnO2) conducted a study which combines a variety of excellent performance in one, you can have a certain conductivity doped into the transparent conductive film. Therefore, the tin dioxide thin-film solar cells can be used as the first electrode, while widely used in the field of thin-film solar cells. With 40 years of development history of spray pyrolysis, has become a base coating of glass an effective means of Nankai Institute of Optoelectronics, based on ultrasonic spray pyrolysis process of preparation of thin film technology has been studied, it has low-cost, of high-quality benefits of the process on the environmental requirements is very low, no Canon NB-1LH vacuum, deposition temperature below 480 ℃, the findings demonstrate a simple process control, so the cost of their equipment is far less than the other coating method.

He Zuoxiu said that Shanghai Institute of Space Power has better anti-radiation performance, high-voltage, low current and other characteristics of the five-junction stacked solar cell, from the mechanism and structure were studied. In other words, the Institute, in its mature stacked three-junction cells based on the present foreign countries has begun to actively study the five-junction stacked solar cells are more design. Single-junction cells to achieve maximum efficiency 27.5%, this record has been to keep 10 years, descriptions of which were close to the theoretical limit of efficiency, in order to make further improve efficiency, new methods must be used. Restrictions on single-junction solar cell conversion efficiency is a major factor in the energy absorbed photons is greater than the semiconductor band gap by electronic, radio photon number of the electron emission of heat loss, and the carrier loss in the energy band edge of the zone. To reduce this loss of more than one effective way is to match the solar spectrum band-gap and the pn junction superimposed together, in an ideal case, the unlimited limit the efficiency of pn junction stacked cell can reach 86.8%. Shanghai Institute of Space Power then stacked three-junction cell developed by the efficiency of the reason why 27.9% from 26.7% to more than one of the main measures taken by testing the battery, that is the quantum efficiency and reflectance spectra, the simulation analysis of data to solve the and between the top battery in the battery current matching, which is precisely those who received high-efficiency multi-junction stacked solar cells of the key issues.

Before the interview ended, Zuoxiu Academician said to me: “low-fold condenser generating system I have described above is a high-powered solar cells laminated (300 ~ 500 times) concentrator solar cells, conversion rate as high as 30% ~ 58%. Welcome yes, China has tracked the world’s cutting-edge laptop battery research in this area has. “in the short term, or not very long period of time to catch up with the development level of the international PV industry, so that the formation of photovoltaic industry is necessary to pool all domestic superior forces, such as cruise missiles like the R & D to achieve integrated innovation. Some scholars believe that Science: human future, apart from the use of sunlight on the ground, but also the use of high-altitude, and even the sun energy in space. In our case, we must pay close attention to development and utilization of solar energy in order to protect national environmental security, energy security and ecological modernization.

Only a half-hour rechargeable lithium battery release a new design of safety

In 2006 one after another notebook lithium battery safety incident, a lot of batteries, notebook peripheral manufacturers have introduced their own new security batteries. But to really put into practice the new product is Boston-Power (new companies).

The company recently launched its schedule with a new, more reliable laptop batteries lithium laptops battery technology, code-named Sonata. The battery boasts a longer life, while charging faster than the current lithium batteries any faster (and a half hours to reach 80% of charge volume). Of course, the most important thing is the safety of the battery better, Boston-Power said that according to notebook manufacturers do not have to design without changing the modular design of the laptop itself. Another source said, HP has joined the battery test plan.

Hybrid: Car of energy turning point in the

Not long ago at the Detroit North American International Auto Show, hybrid (HYBRID) is a very high frequency words, but also the major automobile companies, energy and professional analysts, as well as a hot media topic. Everyone’s attention is the hybrid technology, whether to the current critical energy and environmental issues and the future what kind of impact the automotive industry.

Hybrid refers to the vehicle propulsion system has two power sources: conventional gasoline engine and electric motor. Its basic principle is that technology, gasoline engine-driven vehicle forward at the same time lead generation system to charge the battery. Motor can provide power in the laptop battery to work.

This “oil, electric hybrid” makes the engine to operate at low fuel consumption and low emissions to run more efficiently under the conditions to improve vehicle fuel economy. With the development of hybrid technology, diesel, ethanol, and from crops or animal fat extracted from other biofuels, but also can be used as a hybrid of alternative energy sources, is expected to significantly polluting exhaust emissions and improve fuel efficiency, reducing dependence on oil.

In the auto show scene, the world’s largest automobile companies GM Wale, president of China told reporters that GM will hybrids as a medium-term market development in China, is scheduled for launch in 2008 in the Chinese market a new hybrid, “LaCrosse” vehicles.

As the hybrid system uses two types of power systems at the same time, it is generally the cost of hybrid cars is slightly higher than conventional cars, purchase price will be higher. Wale said GM’s hybrid commercial launch in the Chinese market early, quantity is not too much, mainly for those wanting to buy new cars have the strength to purchase a potential customer. The car will not be much more expensive than conventional vehicles, GM’s hybrid technology, also taking into account that more Chinese Inspiron 6000 Battery, Inspiron 630m Battery customers, according to the Chinese habits of customers to design.

According to the auto industry to solve the pollution problems, the final package is to use hydrogen fuel cell powered. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles emit is water vapor, it can even be a direct solidification of water for drinking, truly zero emissions. General Motors has invested in hydrogen technology a lot, this year there will be 100 hydrogen fuel cell vehicles into several states in the U.S. trial, in order to prepare for commercial production. But this is technically a clear need for some time, and hybrid technology, it is the ultimate goal of transition to these a good choice.

Auto industry analysts also believe that hybrid technology, in the future response to climate warming, air pollution and over-reliance on oil energy sources and many other issues, will play an important role in the transition, so that mankind has developed the most environmentally friendly yet suitable for large scale commercial production of hydrogen fuel technology before, can effectively reduce pollution emissions, ease the increasingly heavy pressure on the energy, leaving future generations more blue Dell Battery sky, trees and resources.